Looking to the Future of the Role of Macrophages and Extracellular Vesicles in Neuroinflammation in ALS

Neuroinflammation is a common pathological feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although scientific evidence to date does not allow defining neuroinflammation as an ALS trigger, its role in exacerbating motor neuron (MNs) degeneration and disease progression attracting research interest. Activated CNS (Central Nervous System) glial cells, proinflammatory peripheral infiltrated T lymphocytes monocytes/macrophages, well the immunoreactive molecules they release, represent active players for immune dysregulation enhancing neuroinflammation. The crosstalk between cells significantly correlates with survival patients since modification macrophages can downregulate inflammation at periphery along nerves CNS. As putative vehicles misfolded protein inflammatory mediators extracellular vesicles (EVs) have also drawn particular attention field ALS. Both release EVs, which are able modulate behavior neighboring recipient cells; unfortunately, mechanisms involved EVs-mediated communication remain unclear. This review aims synthesize current literature regarding EV-mediated cell-to-cell brain under ALS, point view on responding understand biological process exploit it management.